Biography of Hadrian, Roman Emperor

Hadrian (January 24, 76–July 10, 138) was a Roman emperor for 21 years who unified and consolidated  Rome’s  vast empire, unlike his predecessor, who focused on expansion. He was the third of the so-called  Five Good Emperors; he presided over the glory days of the  Roman Empire and is known for many building projects, including a famous wall across Britain to keep out the barbarians. Known For: Roman Emperor, one of the five good emperorsAlso Known As: Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, Publius Aelius HadrianuBorn: January 24, 76, possibly in Rome or in Italica, in what is now SpainParents: Aelius Hadrianus Afer, Domitia PaulinaDied: July 10, 138  in Baiae, near Naples, ItalySpouse: Vibia Sabina Early Life Hadrian was born on Jan. 24, 76. He probably was not originally from Rome. The Augustan History,  a collection of biographies of the Roman emperors,  says his family was from Picenum, but more recently of Spain, and moved to Rome. His mother Domitia Paulina came from a distinguished family from Gades, which today is Cadiz, Spain. His father was Aelius Hadrianus Afer, a magistrate and cousin of future Roman Emperor Trajan. He died when Hadrian was 10, and Trajan and Acilius Attianus (Caelium Tatianum) became his guardians. In 90 Hadrian visited  Italica, a Roman city in present-day Spain, where he received military training and developed a fondness for hunting that he kept for the rest of his life. Hadrian married Vibia Sabina, grand-niece of Emperor Trajan, in 100. Rise to Power Toward the end of Emperor Domitians reign, Hadrian started out on the traditional career path of a  Roman senator. He was made a military tribune, or officer, and then became a quaestor, a low-ranking magistrate, in 101. He was later curator of the Acts of the Senate. When Trajan was consul, a higher magistrates position, Hadrian went with him to the Dacian Wars and became tribune of the plebeians, a powerful political office, in 105. Two years later he became praetor, a magistrate just below consul. He then went to Lower Pannonia as governor and  became consul, the  pinnacle  of a senator’s career, in 108. His rise from there to emperor in 117 involved some palace intrigue. After he became consul his career rise stopped, possibly triggered by the death of a previous consul, Licinius  Sura, when a faction opposed to Sura, Trajans wife Plotina and Hadrian came to dominate Trajans court. There is some evidence that during this period, Hadrian devoted himself to studying the nation and  culture  of Greece, a long-held interest of his. Somehow, Hadrian’s star rose again shortly before Trajan died, probably because Plotina and her associates had regained Trajan’s confidence. Third-century Greek historian Cassius Dio says that Hadrians former guardian, Attianus, then a powerful Roman, also was involved. Hadrian was holding a major military command under Trajan when, on  Aug. 9, 117, he learned that Trajan had adopted him, a sign of succession. Two days later, it was reported that Trajan had died, and the army proclaimed Hadrian emperor. Hadrians Rule Hadrian ruled the Roman Empire until 138. He is known for spending more time traveling throughout the empire than any other emperor. Unlike his predecessors, who had relied on reports from the provinces, Hadrian wanted to see things for himself. He was generous with the military and helped to reform it, including ordering the construction of garrisons and forts. He spent time in Britain, where in 122 he initiated the building of a protective stone wall, known as Hadrians Wall, across the country in to keep the northern barbarians out. It marked the northernmost boundary  of the Roman Empire until early in the fifth century. The wall stretches from the North Sea to the Irish Sea and is 73 miles long, eight to 10 feet wide, and 15 feet high. Along the way, the Romans built towers and small forts called milecastles, which housed up to 60 men. Sixteen larger forts were built, and south of the wall the Romans dug a wide ditch with six-foot-high earthen banks. Though many of the stones were carried away and recycled into other buildings, the wall still stands. Reforms During his reign, Hadrian was generous to citizens of the Roman empire. He awarded large sums of money to communities and individuals and allowed the children of individuals charged with major crimes to inherit part of the family estate. According to the Augustan History, he wouldnt take the bequests of people he didnt know or of people whose sons could inherit the bequests, contrary to earlier practice. Some of Hadrians reforms indicate how barbaric the times were. He outlawed the practice of masters killing their slaves and changed the law so that if a master was murdered at home, only slaves who were nearby could be tortured for evidence. He also changed laws so that bankrupt people would be flogged in the amphitheater and then released, and he made the baths separate for men and women. He restored many buildings, including the Pantheon in Rome, and moved the Colossus, the 100-foot bronze statue installed by Nero. When Hadrian traveled to other cities in the empire, he implemented public works projects. Personally, he tried in many ways to live unassumingly, like a private citizen. Friend or Lover? On a trip through Asia Minor, Hadrian met Antinoà ¼s, a young man born about 110. Hadrian made Antinoà ¼s his companion, though by some accounts he was regarded as Hadrians lover. Traveling together along the Nile in 130, the young man fell into the river and drowned, Hadrian was desolate. One report said Antinoà ¼s had jumped into the river as a sacred sacrifice, though Hadrian denied  that explanation. Whatever the reason for his death, Hadrian mourned deeply. The Greek world honored Antinoà ¼s, and cults inspired by him appeared across the empire. Hadrian named Antinopolis, a city near Hermopolis in Egypt, after him. Death Hadrian became ill, associated in the Augustan History with his refusal to cover his head in heat or cold. His illness lingered, making him long for death. When he couldnt persuade anyone to help him ​commit suicide, he took up indulgent eating and drinking, according to Dio Cassius. He died on July 10, 138.   Legacy Hadrian is remembered for his travels, his building projects, and his efforts to tie together the far-flung outposts of the Roman empire. He was aesthetic and educated and left behind several poems. Signs of his reign remain in a number of buildings, including the Temple of Rome and  Venus, and he rebuilt the  Pantheon, which had been destroyed by fire during the reign of his predecessor. His own country residence, Villa Adriana, outside Rome is considered the architectural epitome of the opulence and elegance of the Roman world. Covering seven square miles, it was more a garden city than a villa, including baths, libraries, sculpture gardens, theaters, alfresco dining halls, pavilions, and private suites, portions of which survived to modern times. It was designated a  UNESCO  World Heritage site  in 1999. Hadrians tomb, now called the Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome, became a burial place for succeeding emperors and was converted into a fortress  in the 5th century. Sources Birley, Anthony. Lives of the Later Caesars: The First Part of the Augustan History, with Lives of Nerva and Trajan. Classics, Reprint Edition, Kindle Edition, Penguin, February 24, 2005.Roman History by Cassius Dio. University of Chicago.Pringsheim, Fritz. The Legal Policy and Reforms of Hadrian. The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 24.Hadrian. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors.Hadrian: Roman Emperor. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Cinco De Mayo and the Battle of Puebla

Cinco de Mayo is a Mexican holiday which celebrates the victory over French forces on May 5, 1862,​ at the Battle of Puebla. It is often mistakenly thought to be Mexico’s Independence Day, which is actually September 16. More of an emotional victory than a military one, to Mexicans the Battle of Puebla represents Mexican resolve and bravery in the face of an overwhelming foe. The Reform War The Battle of Puebla was not an isolated incident: there is a long and complicated history that led up to it. In 1857, the â€Å"Reform War† broke out in Mexico. It was a civil war and it pitted Liberals (who believed in separation of church and state and freedom of religion) against the Conservatives (who favored a tight bond between the Roman Catholic Church and the Mexican State). This brutal, bloody war left the nation in shambles and bankrupt. When the war was over in 1861, Mexican President Benito Juarez suspended all payment of foreign debt: Mexico simply did not have any money. Foreign Intervention This angered Great Britain, Spain, and France, countries which were owed a great deal of money. The three nations agreed to work together to force Mexico to pay. The United States, which had considered Latin America its â€Å"backyard† since the Monroe Doctrine (1823), was going through a Civil War of its own and in no position to do anything about European intervention in Mexico. In December 1861 armed forces of the three nations arrived off the coast of Veracruz and landed a month later, in January 1862. Desperate last-minute diplomatic efforts by the Juarez administration persuaded Britain and Spain that a war that would further devastate the Mexican economy was in no one’s interest, and Spanish and British forces left with a  promise of future payment. France, however, was unconvinced and French forces remained on Mexican soil. French March on Mexico City French forces captured the city of Campeche on February 27 and reinforcements from France arrived soon after. By early March, France’s modern military machine had an efficient army in place, poised to capture Mexico City. Under the command of the Count of Lorencez, a veteran of the Crimean War, the French Army set out for Mexico City. When they reached Orizaba, they held up for a while, as many of their troops had become ill. Meanwhile, an army of Mexican regulars under the command of 33-year-old Ignacio Zaragoza marched to meet him. The Mexican Army was about 4,500 men strong: the French numbered approximately 6,000 and were much better armed and equipped than the Mexicans. The Mexicans occupied the city of Puebla and its two forts, Loreto and Guadalupe. French Attack On the morning of May 5, Lorencez moved to attack. He believed that Puebla would fall easily: his incorrect information suggested that the garrison was much smaller than it really was and that the people of Puebla would surrender easily rather than risk much damage to their city. He decided on a direct assault, ordering his men to concentrate on the strongest part of the defense: Guadalupe fortress, which stood on a hill overlooking the city. He believed that once his men had taken the fort and had a clear line to the city, the people of Puebla would be demoralized and would surrender quickly. Attacking the fortress directly would prove a major mistake. Lorencez moved his artillery into position and by noon had begun shelling Mexican defensive positions. He ordered his infantry to attack three times: each time they were repulsed by the Mexicans. The Mexicans were almost overrun by these assaults, but bravely held their lines and defended the forts. By the third attack, the French artillery was running out of shells and therefore the final assault was unsupported by artillery. French Retreat The third wave of French infantry was forced to retreat. It had begun to rain, and the foot troops were moving slowly. With no fear of the French artillery, Zaragoza ordered his cavalry to attack the retreating French troops. What had been an orderly retreat became a rout, and Mexican regulars streamed out of the forts to pursue their foes. Lorencez was forced to move the survivors to a distant position and Zaragoza called his men back to Puebla. At this point in the battle, a young general named  Porfirio Dà ­az  made a name for himself, leading a cavalry attack. â€Å"The National Arms Have Covered Themselves in Glory† It was a sound defeat for the French. Estimates place French casualties around 460 dead with almost that many wounded, while only 83 Mexicans were killed. Lorencez’s  quick retreat prevented the defeat from becoming a disaster, but  still, the battle became a huge morale-booster for the Mexicans. Zaragoza sent a message to Mexico City, famously declaring â€Å"Las  armas  nacionales  se  han  cubierto  de  gloria† or â€Å"The national arms (weapons) have covered themselves in glory.† In Mexico City, President Juarez declared May 5th a national holiday in remembrance of the battle. Aftermath The Battle of Puebla was not very important to Mexico from a military standpoint. Lorencez was allowed to retreat and hold onto the towns he had already captured. Soon after the battle, France sent 27,000 troops to Mexico under a new commander, Elie Frederic Forey. This massive force was well beyond anything the Mexicans could resist, and it swept into Mexico City in June of 1863. On the way, they besieged and captured Puebla. The French installed  Maximilian of Austria, a young Austrian nobleman, as Emperor of Mexico. Maximilian’s reign lasted until  1867 when President Juarez was able to drive the French out and restore the Mexican government. Young General Zaragoza died of typhoid not long after the Battle of Puebla. Although the Battle of Puebla amounted to little from a military sense --  it merely postponed the inevitable victory of the French army, which was larger, better trained and better equipped than the Mexicans -- it nevertheless meant a great deal to Mexico in terms of pride and hope. It showed them that the mighty French war machine was not invulnerable, and that determination and courage were powerful weapons. The victory was a huge boost to  Benito Juarez  and his government. It allowed him to hold onto power at a time when he was in danger of losing it, and it was Juarez who eventually led his people to victory against the French in 1867. The battle also marks the arrival on the political scene of Porfirio Dà ­az, then a brash young general who disobeyed Zaragoza in order to chase down fleeing French troops. Dà ­az would eventually get a lot of the credit for the victory and he used his new fame to run for president against Juà ¡rez. Although he lost, he would eventually reach the presidency and  lead his nation for many years.

Smith vs. Marx - a Comparison Essay - 1247 Words

Smith versus Marx Ââ€" A Comparison S. Glen Balanoff July 04, 2004 Smith versus Marx Ââ€" A Comparison Modern economic society can be described as a combination of certain points from several theories combined into one. Changing dynamics and economic needs of nations has spawned a development of various, and contrasting, economic systems throughout the world. Perhaps the two most contrasting philosophies seen in existence today are that of capitalism and communism. The two philosophers most notably recognized for their views on these economic systems are Adam Smith and Karl Marx. This paper will identify several fundamental aspects of economic philosophy as described by Smith and Marx, and will compare and contrast the views of these†¦show more content†¦Smith believed that self, self-interest, and self-determination, all were mechanisms where individuals are motivated to gain wealth and power for individual gain and group gain. Smith believed that ‘self is a matrix of reason and passion (Levine, 1998). Furthermore, Smith believed that sympathy leads to empathy, and our individual self-determination leads to accumulation of wealth that benefits others as well as us (Levine, 1998). Examples of this concept are evident in our current economic society today. We see Bill Gates and Microsoft providing technology to communicate more efficiently, Henry Fords posterity changing the transportation market, and many others who impact man with their accumulation of wealth. The simplistic perception of capitalist society varies greatly among Smith and Marx. Smith believed that capitalism is a mechanism designed to curb mans selfishness and put it to work for the general good of all (Baumol, 1976). Conversely, Marx believed that capitalism is based on neither good nor evil, but a product of historical circumstances or experience (Baumol, 1976). Marx also believed that the law of motion in capitalism frustrates, rather than facilitates, the individual ends (wealth). Marx believed that wealth divides capitalists by class, and that workers must develop in a universal class (Levine, 1998). Marx also disagreed with Smith in believing that production must cease to be a labor process if itShow MoreRelatedHobbes Vs. Marx On Government s First Duty1038 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 2014 Topic #1 – Hobbes vs. Locke vs. Marx â€Å"Government’s first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives,† said Ronald Reagan. Some political philosophies like John Locke would agree to this statement, while other, like Thomas Hobbes would not, and some will both agree and disagree, like Karl Marx. 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Pancreatic Cancer The Cancer - 1084 Words

Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic cancer is the cancer of the pancreas. The pancreas is an organ between the spine and the stomach, and is about 6 inches long. The pancreas is also made up of two major components named the exocrine and the endocrine. A person has to have a pancreas to survive and this cancer can cause a rapid decline in health and eventually death. To prevent this cancer, a person needs to stop smoking, maintain a healthy weight, and check up with your sugar. Stop Smoking The problem with pancreatic cancer is that it usually spreads before any symptoms appear. Doctors aren t sure what cause pancreatic cancer, but they know it is more common in men, smokers, people with diabetes, and African Americans (Pancreatic Cancer, 2013). According The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center smoking doubles the risk of pancreatic cancer. Cigarettes, cigars, pipes and chewing tobacco all increase pancreatic cancer risk. 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Tb Prevention For People Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Children and grownups populating with HIV can be protected from one of their deadliest menaces – TB – with a regular, low-priced preventative medicine harmonizing to new guidelines launched today by the WHO. Of the about two million AIDS-related deceases each twelvemonth, a one-fourth of them are associated with TB. Because of their weakened immune system, people populating with HIV are less able to contend TB infection and are more likely to develop active TB which can be lifelessly and can distribute to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Tb Prevention For People Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some communities, up to 80 % of people with TB trial positive for HIV. Taking medical specialty incorporating the anti-TB drug INH is a simple and cost-efficient step that prevents the TB bacterium from going active if it is present. Known as Isoniazid Preventive Therapy ( IPT ) , the intervention attack is non new, but for a assortment of grounds it is underused. Merely 85 000 ( or 0.2 % ) of all people populating with HIV received INH for TB bar in 2009. â€Å" As we commemorate Global AIDS Day, it is clear that pull offing HIV must include turn toing TB, † said Dr Gottfried Hirnschall, Director of WHO ‘s HIV/AIDS Department. â€Å" We need to to the full implement the WHOA Three I ‘s for HIV/TBA scheme in coaction with all spouses. TheA Three I’sA are Isoniazid Preventive Therapy, Intensified TB showing and Infection control for TB. These steps should be delivered as portion of comprehensive HIV services. † Key recommendations The guidelines are based on new scientific grounds that updates the old 1998 policy. The cardinal recommendations are: All kids and grownups populating with HIV, including pregnant adult females and those having antiretroviral intervention, should have INH bar therapy. Isoniazid should be provided for six to 36 months, or as a life-long intervention in scenes with high HIV and TB prevalence. Peoples populating with HIV who may hold TB symptoms should be further screened for active TB or other conditions so that they are able to entree the appropriate interventions. â€Å" In many states HIV is a major driver of the TB epidemic. Terbium is preventable and curable and the new guidelines show how to interrupt the concatenation that links TB and HIV taking to decease, † said Dr Mario Raviglione, Director of WHO ‘s Stop TB Department. â€Å" All states and communities need to implement the new guidelines and WHO can supply the necessary support to guarantee that this can go on. † Misconceptions that may lend to the low consumption of isoniazid therapy are besides addressed in the new guidelines. For illustration, concern that utilizing INH without other TB medicines causes opposition to the medical specialty was non found to be supported by any scientific grounds. These and other elucidations featured in the guidelines should unclutter the manner for greater entree to the preventative therapy for 1000000s of people populating with HIV. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-latent-tuberculosis-infection-in-hiv-infected-patients Persons with latent TB ( LTBI ) are symptomless and non infective. However, these LTBI B remain feasible and may reactivate old ages subsequently and do active diagnostic, and frequently catching, TB ( TB ) disease. ( SeeA ‘General concepts’A above. ) Compared with HIV-uninfected persons, HIV-infected patients with LTBI are significantly more likely to reactivate with TB disease, peculiarly those with advanced immunosuppression. ( SeeA ‘Interactions between HIV and tuberculosis’A above. ) In both HIV-infected and clean persons, the chief agents that have studied for LTBI includeisoniazid, the rifamycins ( bothA rifampinA andA rifapentine ) andA pyrazinamide. ( SeeA ‘Drug Toxicity’A above. ) Treatment of LTBI is effectual in forestalling active TB disease among HIV-infected patients. Adverse events and drug discontinuance rates are by and large lower among patients taking monotherapy compared with combination therapy and among those takingA isoniazidA for six to nine months compared with INH for 36 months or longer. ( SeeA ‘Clinical tests of latent TB intervention in HIV-infected patients’A above. ) All HIV-infected patients with grounds of LTBI should have therapy for the bar of active TB disease ( Grade 1A ) . There is no incontrovertible benefit of administrating intervention among patients who have negative trials for LTBI or who are anergic. Treatment is besides recommended for HIV-infected patients with recent contact with a individual with active TB disease or in those with a history of untreated or inadequately treated healed TB ( eg, fibrotic disease on chest X ray ) , irrespective of trial consequences for LTBI. ( SeeA ‘Indications for TB preventative therapy’A above. ) IsoniazidA is preferred for the intervention of LTBI in the HIV-infected patient because of its overall efficaciousness, safety, and cost. ( SeeA ‘Treatment regimens and duration’A above. ) The optimum continuance of therapy for LTBI is unknown. In resource-rich scenes, most patients are treated with nine months of dailyA isoniazidA ( 300 milligrams daily ) . In resource-limited scenes, clinical tests have evaluated six months of INH to womb-to-tomb therapy. The possible benefits of long-run INH are likely to be seen merely in high transmittal scenes and must be weighed against the greater toxicity, cost, and load on patients compared to shorter regimens. ( SeeA ‘Duration of therapy’A above. ) Surveies suggest a benefit for earlier induction of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of TB among patients populating in endemic countries. Eligibility standards for induction of antiretroviral medicines for HIV disease vary by geographic location. ( SeeA ‘Initiation of antiretroviral therapy’A above andA † The impact of antiretroviral therapy on morbidity and mortality of HIV infection in resource-limited scenes † , subdivision on ‘Effect of antiretroviral therapy on other comorbidities ‘ . ) Prior to induction of intervention for LTBI, all patients must be scrutinized for active TB infection to avoid monotherapy and the hazard of TB drug opposition. ( SeeA ‘Assessment for TB disease’A above andA † Diagnosis, intervention, and bar of drug-resistant TB † . ) Everyday baseline research lab testing is non required prior to the induction of intervention of LTBI. However, individuals with a history of liver disease ( eg, alcoholic, viral hepatitis ) should hold baseline testing of transaminases. ( SeeA ‘Baseline research lab testing’A above. ) There is no consensus on the demand for everyday monitoring of transaminases in patients taking intervention for LTBI. However, all patients should be counseled on the symptoms and marks of drug-induced hepatitis ( eg, right upper quarter-circle hurting, icterus, sickness, purging, loss of appetency, dark piss ) . ( See’Patient monitoring’A above. ) How to cite Tb Prevention For People Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Benefits of Piracy Essay Example For Students

Benefits of Piracy Essay Despite piracy being undoubtedly a crime, there are situations when it might actually be helpful to the ones being quot;robbedquot; of their property. In cases of media, that are still quite expensive could giving them for free result in a growth of customers and thus eventually raise the profit. Unfortunately, only small companies are willing to take this leap of faith in people, while the big ones keep on pursuing the standard policies. Main body The amout of music in the world is so big that the actual percentage of songs a potential listener is able to get to, is rather small. The question is whether it would be useful to give some music for free in order to spread it among people and thus gain more popularity which might result in bigger sales and more interest in live events. There are successful artists supporting the idea of sharing art like Neil Gaiman who deems giving his books for free as lending them and therefore investing to the future. His profits are bigger in the countries where there are high levels of piracy. Also people are quite limited in getting access to new art because of its cost. The problem is also reported losses which are inaccurate since the total cost of pirated media doesnt reflect the actual financial damage. Also other branches of industry profit of it. Conclusion A compromise might be the solution. A small amout of songs (e. g. one album) by each of their artist could be released for free by the record companies to demonstrate generosity. But that is not enough. People need to show bigger interest in music and especially in live events to prove there is actually financial potential in them. After that it is time for the companies to start being more open. There is absolutely no doubt that piracy is wrong. In most cases it equals stealing and that is without question a crime. However piracy itself has shown to be quite useful for the owners of the pirated property in some cases. The standard and logical views of distributing products such as films or music are usually based on the elementary system of owning and selling and the idea that valuable property should be sold for as much money as possible. That applies for most cases yet there have been times when giving things out for free eventually resulted in much higher earnings than it would with the use of standard marketing procedures, for example the famous band Pearl Jam is well known for setting optional prices on their CDs. This policy is however still typical for smaller record companies and book publishers while the big labels are not easily adopting it. There is a huge potential in giving art for free though and doing it on a global scale could turn out to be really groundbreaking. To give an example of how unimaginably vast the world of art distribution is the worlds biggest internet vendor of various media is the iTunes Store. It offers tens of millions of songs, tens of thousands of audio books and lots and lots of other media. It is absolutely impossible for one person to explore all the music there even if he was concentrating on just one genre. That being said, its for sure that even if all the music in iTunes Store was free, there would still be authors and albums a potential listener would necessarily have to miss. And since most music there is NOT free, there is a very small amount of music a listener is able to actually get to. What should he do then? He certainly shouldnt download it illegally of course. In a hypothetical world where there is no sharing music or even borrowing CDs from a friend he should either buy it or let it go. But what would the second option mean for the owner of the music? A financial loss. And that begs a question is the artist willing to accept everything that goes with it? .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e , .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e .postImageUrl , .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e , .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e:hover , .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e:visited , .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e:active { border:0!important; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e:active , .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc62f0f15c28c0d35835f6e9a30436d1e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Piracy Argumentative EssayBecause a person who doesnt buy his album is not representing just one lost profit but a lost customer who would potentially buy more albums and possibly even visit his concerts. And this is just the financial matter, theres also of course the social aspect of the whole thing and that is the fact that most artists get a feeling of satisfaction from gaining a fan or anyone who shows admiration of their work. So what should the artist do? There is a fine example of an artist who used to believe that his art being shared on the internet meant financial loss and came to realize it actually did not. Neil Gaiman is a famous writer, the author of the books like American Gods or Stardust, who now supports the idea of sharing books and other kinds of art. He was at first not happy to see his books floating around the internet, however he soon discovered that by this he was very quickly gaining lots of new fans. Nowadays when hes asked why he doesnt mind his works being distributed for free, he replies with a question: Do you have a favourite author? And did you discover your favourite author by buying a random book or borrowing a random book? quot; That is in fact how he sees sharing books in the internet. As lending them. And the exact same thing applies to music and even movies. So should we legalize piracy and let everyone have what they want? Of course not. A world without rules is anarchy and piracy is by all means an anarchistic method. Taking property without permission of the owner and giving/selling it to people is still not legal and hopefully never will be. Yet it happens . And quite a lot. Recently it has been one of the major economical issues as the losses in the music industry caused by piracy are, based on the information by The Institute for Policy Innovation, estimated to 12. 5 billion dollars per year in the United States only. Its a rather intimidating number since the last years total revenue of the music industry in the United States was 4. 5 billion dollars and 16. 5 billion in the world. However, there are two things we must still keep in mind. Firstly, the money doesnt just vanish in the air. The music industry loses profit but that means the money is going somewhere else and different branches of the economy are growing. Secondly, the total number of the financial loss is actually overestimated. It counts the cost of all the illegally downloaded media but doesnt regard the fact that not nearly all of it would actually be bought and therefore doesnt show the actual loss of the industry but merely the value of the stolen property which in this case isnt relevant as the number of the copies of the songs is unlimited. An interesting fact is that the internet sales have been growing rapidly over the last years (about 12% a year) and are literally saving the music industry. Since 1999 the profits of the music industry have been dropping every year by approximately 5% (according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry) until 2012 when it finally after more than a decade showed a slight growth of 0. 3% and that mostly thanks to the internet sales. Its clear that internet is the place where the main battle is taking place. Thanks to many sites distributing music online, for example classic stores like Amazon, Spotify, Google Play, but also the ones like Bandcamp or Soundcloud, where artist often share their music for free, the number of songs sold online grows and the situation is getting better. More open and innovative approach is still possible though. Just like Neil Gaiman finds new fans by letting people illegally download his work, big record companies could do that as well. No one suggests that they should just give all their stock music for free. No, that would be insane. .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 , .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 .postImageUrl , .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 , .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96:hover , .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96:visited , .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96:active { border:0!important; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96:active , .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96 .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueac09ff015c07fa0add7af5c71917a96:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Digital Music Piracy EssayRather than that one album by each of their signed artists could be available for free download in order to let people discover more music and thus consequently invest their hard-earned money into buying the kind of music they will more likely find enjoyable. Sometimes a small step like this can be the start of a huge movement that will actually cause a considerable change. But steps also must be taken on the other side of the quot;barricadequot;. There is music for free already. There are artists who are willing to share their work. Its now up to us, the listeners, to show our interest and show our love for music. Let us visit concerts more often and let us put some effort into finding new artists and recommend them to our friends. If we really want to show that there is financial potential in us (and yes, Im talking about money because they are important no matter how much would we want them not to be), there is no other way than just to lift ourselves from the chair were sitting on and instead of watching live performances on youtube just go out and see one with our own eyes. After all, its called quot;livequot; for a reason. Jakub Brych Sources of information: The Comics Alliance, Neil Gaiman on internet piracy: quot;Its people lending books! quot; http://comicsalliance. com/neil-gaiman-piracy-lending-books/ 19. 12. 2013 The Institute for Policy Innovation, The true cost of sound recording piracy to the U. S. economy, http://www. ipi. org/ipi_issues/detail/the-true-cost-of-sound-recording-piracy-to-the-us-economy 19. 12. 2013 International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, Statistics, http://ifpi. org/content/section_statistics/index. html 19. 12. 2013

Integrity of HK Police Officer Essay Example For Students

Integrity of HK Police Officer Essay Integrity and Departmental Image As public officers in disciplined service, we need high level of integrity at all time. When we are going to make decision we should think of ourselves were on-duty for 24 hours. However, that police officer obviously didnt carry such mindset. He made several fraudulent invoices to defraud his supervisor in 2001. And in 2003, he offered to sale his police warrant card, which constitute theft. Both charges show that this officer lacks the alertness and awareness of his identity of being a police officer. Many newspaper reporters are more than welcome to report those scandals of the Civil Servants, e.g. the suicide case of those civil servants with serious debts, the adultery of the senior officials, the corruption cases and criminal offences of civil servants. Civil servants are under high level of expectation and scrutiny from the general public. Therefore we need to maintain our image in front of the public, thats why our department has guidelines in ISSO mentioning about our conduct and discipline while we are on duty and off duty. The bankruptcy and debts From the reports of newspaper, I found that Police got highest amount bankrupt cases among the civil services. YearNo. of Police officers bankruptedDisciplinary Action taken 20008311 20018539 2002847 The following tables show the total number of bankruptcy cases from March 1997 to March 2002: DepartmentNo. of bankruptcyNo. of staffs% of bankruptcy Correctional Services Department19566003 Customs and Excise Department374800 .